Publication

This book examines Egypt’s subsidy system for baladi bread - a cheap loaf that is a staple of the Egyptian diet – including the history of its development and the interest of the key actors involved in the bread supply chain in the country. A key finding of the paper is that the extent to which the state is able to improve the bread supply system - which plays a significant role in the country's political economy - is often determined by a small group of middlemen who are able to obstruct or facilitate this process.