Little Ice Age displaced the tropical rain belt

The scientists also found that the climates in the tropical rain belt and the mid-latitudes are interconnected through the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). This phenomenon dictates the weather in western and central Europe, and is the result of fluctuations in the difference of atmospheric pressure at sea level between the Icelandic low and the Azores high over the North Atlantic. The NAO is a numeric index: if it is positive, both the Icelandic low and the Azores high are very strong, which generally causes wet weather and strong westerly winds in central Europe, or in extreme cases winter storms and hurricanes, such as the violent Lothar storm in 1999.

However, the NAO index is negative when both the Icelandic low and Azores high are only weak. The west winds die down and shift sideways. This creates damper weather conditions in the Mediterranean region. Central Europe, on the other hand, is more prone to cold air masses sweeping in from the northeast, which can cause icy winters and dry springs.

Stalagmites as useful barometers of precipitation

“Our study clearly shows that when the tropical rain belt was positioned more southerly than normal during the Little Ice Age, the NAO index tended to be negative, so that central Europe was exposed to cold spells,” says Lechleitner. But when the tropical rain belt is positioned more to the north, the NAO index is positive.

For their precisely dated, high-resolution analysis of tropical rainfall over the past two millennia, the researchers compared published climate reconstructions produced with the help of stalagmite, ice core, sea sediment and tree ring records. In the case of stalagmites, other scientists examined aspects such as the oxygen-isotope ratio, which serves as a barometer for rainfall volume in the tropics.

No extreme changes needed

“Our research shows that the global temperature changes do not have to be very extreme in order to shift the position of the tropical rain belt,” says Lechleitner. It is thus quite possible that manmade climate change and the temperature rise that has already occurred, although comparatively small, are potentially enough to trigger a migration of the tropical rain belt.

If only global temperatures were to rise, this weather system would probably shift to the north, as the northern hemisphere is warmer than the southern hemisphere, due to various factors.

“Exactly where the rain belt migrates to, however, also depends on particulates in the atmosphere,” explains Lechleitner. In an earlier study, the research team was able to show that the tropical rain belt has migrated south since the start of industrialisation, as aerosols from industrial combustion processes and waste gases have caused a cooling of the northern hemisphere. As a result, the zones with the highest average annual temperatures have also shifted south.

“The tighter regulations intended to reduce airborne particulates and sulphur could encourage the tropical rain belt to migrate in a northerly direction again,” says the researcher. This could possibly make the Sahel region less arid, turning the NAO index positive and resulting in heavy rainfall and stormier weather in central Europe.

In the tropics and subtropics, even tiny shifts in the position of the rain belt can trigger more frequent droughts or heavy rainfall. There may also be a shift or a shortening of the rainy and dry seasons. This can have fatal consequences for the local population dependent on agriculture, as seen in the prolonged period of drought that affected the Sahel region from 1970 to 1990, for example. “We can now trace this drought back to the southern migration of the tropical rain belt during this period,” the researcher concludes.